Anna Akhmatova: nolosha iyo shaqada. Akhmatova: mawduucyada ugu waaweyn ee hal-abuurka

Anna Akhmatova, kuwaas oo nolosha iyo shaqada waxaan ku soo bandhigaynaa doonaa in aad - waa magac qalinka oo saxiixaya gabayo uu ka AA Gorenko. Abwaan Tani waxa uu ku dhashay 1889, 11 (23) ee June, meel u dhow Odessa. Qoyskeeda ugu dhakhsaha badan u soo guurtay Tsarskoye Selo, halkaas oo ilaa 16 sano ku noolaa Akhmatova. Abuurista (kooban) Abwaan waxaa loo soo bandhigi doonaa ka dib markii Biography ah. First bartaan nolosha Anny Gorenko.

sano Hore

sanadaha hore ma ahaayeen oo subag, waayo, Anny Andreevny. waalidka way kala qaybsamo 1905. Hooyada ayaa loo qaaday gabdhaha Yevpatoria qaba qaaxada. Halkan markii ugu horeysay soo food leh nolosha ka mid ah ajnabiga guud iyo dirtiest magaalooyinka "gabar duurjoogta ah". Waxay sidoo kale la kulmeen riwaayadaha jacaylka ah, ayaa isku dayay in ay naftooda dilaan.

Waxbarashada Kiev iyo jimicsi Tsarskoselskaya

dhalinyarada Early in Abwaan waxaa la guddoonsiiyey waxbarashada ee jimicsi Kiev iyo Tsarskoselskaya. fasalka ugu dambeeya ee lagu qabtay Kiev. Ka dib markii in, Abwaan mustaqbalka bartay sharciga ee Kiev, iyo philology at St. Petersburg, on University for Women. In Kiev, iyadu bartay Laatiin, taasi oo markii dambe loo ogol yahay in ay si xor ah u bartaan luuqada Talyaani, in uu akhriyo Dante in asalka ah. Laakiin Akhmatova in maadooyinka sharci ugu dhakhsaha badan lumay daneyntii, sidaas darteed wuxuu u baxay inuu St. Petersburg oo sii tababar ku saabsan koorsooyinka taariikhda iyo suugaanta.

gabayo First iyo daabacaadda

Aayaadka ugu horeysay in weli saameynta dareemi Derzhavin, qoray iskuulka yar oo Gorenko markay ahayd sano oo kaliya 11 jir. In 1907 waxaa u muuqday daabacaadan ugu horeysay.

In 1910, tan iyo bilowgoodii aad, Akhmatova si joogto ah u bilaabaa inuu la daabacay joornaalada Moscow iyo St. Petersburg. Marka abuuray "Shop Poets" (1911), urur suugaanta, iyadu waxay ku samaynta waajibaadka ah ee Xoghayaha.

Guurka, safar in Europe

Akhmatova in muddada u dhaxaysa 1910 in 1918 ahaa mid ay isqabeen NS Gumilyov, sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abwaan Ruush. isaga la kulmay, waxay inta waxbarashada dugsiga Tsarskoye Selo. Ka dib markii Akhmatova in ka dhigay a safarka ay Paris ee 1910-1912 sano, halkaas oo uu saaxiib la noqday Amedeo Modigliani, artist Talyaani ah kuwaas oo abuuray iyada sawirka. Sidoo kale, waqti isku mid ah, ayay booqday Italy.

muuqaalka kore ee Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev soo bandhigay inuu naagtiisa deegaanka suugaanta iyo farshaxanka, halkaas oo magaca ayaa helay ay muhiimadda hore. Ma aha oo kaliya hab gabay Anny Andreevny noqday caan ah, laakiin sidoo kale ay u saftay. Akhmatova haybad ku dhuftay saffarro, regal. Waxay bixiyo calaamadihii sida boqoradda. view ka baxsan Abwaan waxyoonay Modigliani ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale by fannaaniinta sida K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, Tyrsa N. A. Danko (hoos ku soo bandhigayaa shaqo ee Petrov-Vodkin) .

ururinta ugu horreeya ee gabayada, iyo dhalashada wiilkiisa

In 1912, kaasi oo gabayaa ah, ka dhacay nolosheeda, laba dhacdooyinka muhiimka ah. Published ururinta ugu horreeya ee gabayada Anny Andreevny loo yaqaan "Evening", taasoo ku calaamadsan shaqadeeda. Akhmatova iyana waxay dhashay wiil, taariikhyahan mustaqbalka, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - dhacdo muhiim ah in uu nolashiisa qaaska ah.

Ka mid ah ururinta ugu horreeya ee gabayada by ahaa taswiirihii reer caag ah loo isticmaalo iyaga oo ku jira oo nadiif ah ka kooban. Waxay qasbay dhaleecayn Ruush ayaa sheegaya in in gabayada, talanti cusub. Inkastoo "macalimiinta" sayidyadiinna ah sida Akhmatova Symbolist sida Blok iyo I. F. Annensky, iyada gabayo loo arkayey bilowgaba sidii Acmeist ah. Dhab ahaantii, wada jir ah ula O. E. Mandelshtamom iyo Abwaan N. S. Gumilevym ee hore 1910, ayaa ahaa muhimka ah ee soo gaadhay waqti ka mid ah isbedel cusub ee gabayada.

Labada uruuriyaa oo soo socda, go'aanka inuu sii joogo Russia

Waxaan soo raacay ururinta hore iyo buugga labaad waxaa cinwaan looga dhigay "Rosary" (1914), iyo saddex sano ka dib, in September 1917, waxay ahayd a collection of "White adhi", kii saddexaad ee shaqada. October Revolution ayaa lagu qasbay Abwaan ku Hijrootaan, inkastoo waqtigan, wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka haajirid a mass. Russia tagay mid ka mid ah ka dib markii dadka kale ee ku dhow Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. iyo O. Glebova-Studeykina, saaxiib iyada dhalinyarada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Abwaan go'aansaday inuu sii joogo "dembi leh" iyo "dhega la '" Russia ah. Dareen mas'uul ka ah in uu dalka, isku xidhka inay dalka iyo afka Ruushka ayaa keentay Annu Andreevnu galaan wadahadal la ayaa go'aansaday inuu ka tago. Sanado badan, kuwii ka baxay Russia, wuxuu sii waday inuu xaq yahay oo uu ka haajirid in Akhmatova. waxaa kula doodaysay, gaar ahaan, R. Hull, jeestay Anne Andreevne B. Franck iyo G. Adamovich.

waqti adag tahay Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

Waqtigaas, iyada nolosha u xuub bedelay, oo muujineysa Abuurkiisa. Akhmatova waxaa ka shaqeeya maktabadda ee Institute of garafyada, ee 1920 hore u suurtagashay in ay daabacaan laba uruuriyaa gabayada. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen "muuska", sii daayey 1921, iyo "Anno Domini" (turjumaad - "In sano ee Rabbiga", sii daayay 1922). Waayo, 18 sano ka dib in saxaafadda aysan ka muuqan wax ay u shaqayso. sababo kala duwan ee jirana this: on gacanta ku hal, taas toogtay NS Gumilyov, ninkeedii hore, kuwaas oo lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug shirqoolay kacaanka; oo dhinaca kale ah - diidmada Abwaan abuurka dhaleeceyn Soviet. badan Akhmatova inta lagu guda jiro aamusnaanta this dhaqan waxaa lagu hawlan shuqulka Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

arkay Optina

Beddelida magaca "codka" iyo "far" Akhmatova lala dhexe ee 1920, iyadoo booqasho ku 1922, bishii May, Optina iyo wada hadalka la nectar Elder. Malaha, wada hadal tan waxaa si xoog leh u saameeyay Abwaan. Akhmatova ahaa Nasab hooyada la A. Motovilov waa laylis Dhaw Serafima Sarovskogo. Waxay soo dejiyey ab of fikrad furashada allabariga.

guurka labaad

Masiirka jabka Akhmatova ayaa sidoo kale la xiriira shakhsiyadda ee V. Shileiko, kuwaas oo ninkeeda labaad noqday. Waxa ay ahayd saynisyahan-orientalist, kuwaas oo uu ku lug lahaa dhaqanka oo ka mid ah dalalka qadiimiga ah sida Baabuloon, Ashuur, Masar. nolosha shaqsi ah la ciirsi this in qofka nolosha iyo dulmi ma shaqeeyo, laakiin saamaynta ay u sabab ah gabayaa ee uu shaqada kordhay hayaa qoraalo falsafada.

Life iyo Works ee 1940

Ururiyay hoos horyaalka "Of lixda buugaagta" ka dhex muuqan doonaa 1940. Waxa uu muddo gaaban suugaanta casriga ah ee waqtiga gabayaa, Anna Akhmatova soo laabtay. Life iyo shaqadeeda waqtigan waa wax la yaab leh. Akhmatova helay Leningrad Great Patriotic War The. Waxay ahayd daad gureeyay halkaas uga xidshiidha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1944 Abwaan inay Leningrad soo laabtay. In 1946, sakhiray eedeymo aan cadaalad ahayn oo adag, iyada waxaa laga saaray Ururka Qorayaasha '.

Ku noqo suugaanta Ruush

Dhacdadaas ka dib tobanka sano ee soo socda in shuqullada Abwaan xusay oo keliya in waqtigan ku hawlan turjumidda suugaanta Anna Akhmatova. -Abuurka ah ee ay Itobiya Soviet ma uu xiiseynayo. L. N. Gumilev, wiilkeeda, waxaa u adeegaya waqtiga cadaabka ku jira xeryaha shaqada sida dambiyada siyaasadeed. in suugaanta Ruush noqo, gabayo Akhmatova dhacay oo kaliya in qeybtii labaad ee 1950. Tan iyo 1958 ururinta oo ka mid ah lyrics Abwaan mar kale bilaabay inuu la daabacay. Ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey 1962, "Gabayga aan Hero ah," mar hore loo soo saaray 22 sano. Anna Akhmatova ku dhintay 1966, 5 March. Abwaan aasay meel u dhow St. Petersburg, in Komarovo. Daran hoos la soo bandhigay.

Acmeism in shuqullada Akhmatova

Akhmatova, kuwaas oo shaqada hadda waa mid ka mid ah dushooda gabayada qaranka, si uu buugga ugu horeysay ee gabayo ka dib lahaa waa soo jiidasho leh qabow, kaliya line hal by it xulashada: ". ... helitaanka codka cabbay of cod isku mid ah kuwaaga in ay" Mikhail Kuzmin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu hordhac inay ururinta this dhamaaday ereyada in u imanayaa inuu noo dhalinyaro ah, Abwaan cusub, isagoo dhammaan xogta si ay u noqdaan dhab ah. Inta badan lagu go'aamiyaa ku poetics ah "Fiidkii" acmeism barnaamijka af - dhaqankan cusub ee suugaanta, taas oo inta badan waxaa ka mid ah poetess a Anna Akhmatova. Waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa abuurka ah ee dad badan oo ka mid ah muuqaalada caan ku habkani.

Photo hoos lagu falay 1925.

Acmeism kacay ficil u Xadgudba of style Symbolist ah. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka V. M. Zhirmunskogo yaqaan naqdiya suugaanta, oo ku saabsan shaqada oo ka mid ah wakiilo ka habkani waxaa lagu magacaabay sida soo socota: ". Jebin calaamadda" Dalyam asalka ah iyo "guduud Caalamka" ay nolosha barbar adduun, "halkan iyo hadda". relativism Moral iyo qaababka kala duwan ee diinta kiristaanka ayaa la bedelay cusub "qiyamka dhagax weyn unshakable."

theme The jacaylka shuqulka Abwaan

Akhmatova galay suugaanta qarnigii 20aad, ay quarter ugu horeysay, iyadoo theme dhaqanka for lyrics World - theme ee jacaylka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay xal in shuqullada Abwaan aasaas ahaan waa cusub. gabayada Akhmatova ee ka fog gabayada dhedig dhisan caadifad, soo bandhigay in qarnigii 19 magacyo sida Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, mirra Lokhvitskaya. fog sidoo kale waxay ka mid yihiin ka "fiican", dabeecad aan la taaban karin lyricism gabayada jacaylka Symbolists ah. Dareenkan, ilahii ay inta badan ku lyrics Ruush iyo tiraab qarnigii 19aad, Akhmatova. Hal-abuurka waxaa loo groundbreaking. O. E. Mandelshtam, tusaale ahaan, ku qoray in lyrics keenay kakanaanta ee sheeko Ruushka ee qarnigii 19aad, Akhmatova. Qormada An on shuqullada waxa laga yaabaa inuu ku soo bilowdo la ra'yigaa.

In the "fiidkii" waxaa keenay in guises kala duwan dareenkooda amorous, laakiin halyeeyad ayaa had iyo jeer loo diiday, gacangeliyey, qaba. Chukovsky qoray waxa ku saabsan, in mid ka mid ah marka hore in la ogaado in la soo booqday - gabay ah, waa Akhmatova (essay on shuqullada waxaa ka mid ah, "Akhmatova iyo Mayakovsky", abuuray by qoraaga mid ah, ayaa gacan weyn ka geysatay in ay cadaadis marka aayaadka Abwaan ma daabacay). Jacaylka xiliyo aan arkay halka uu hal-abuurka halkii habaar. Saddex qaybo ka mid ah ururinta waxaa la yidhaahdaa, siday u kala horreeyaan, "Love," "Khiyaano" iyo "Muse". femininity jilicsan iyo xarrago marka la isku daro in lyrics ku Akhmatova oo uu aqbalo dhiirranow dhibaato. Oo ka mid ah 46 ka mid ah gabayo ururinta this, ku dhawaad kala badh ayaa waxaa u hibeeyeen ilaa ay kala tagii dhexdeenna iyo dhimasho. Tani waa shil. Inta u dhaxaysa 1910 iyo 1912, Abwaan hantiyeen a kratkodnevnosti dareen, waxayna lahayd presentiment a dhimasho. By 1912, laba ka mid ah walaalo oo iyada u dhintay cudurka qaaxada, si Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, kuwaas oo nolosha iyo shaqada aan ku fekereyno) rumeysan yahay in qaddar la mid ah, iyada oo ku dhici. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ma xidhnayn, in la barbardhigo Symbolists ah, isa-soociddiisa oo dhimasho leh dareen rajo la'aan, iyo qaylo. niyadda Tani waxay siisay kor u waayo-aragnimo ah ee dunida ka mid ah quruxdiisa.

Lagu xusay buugga "Night" oo ugu dambeyntii qaab qaaday horeysay ee "FIICAN", ka dibna "pack White" qaababka kala duwan ee style ee Abwaan.

The sababaha damiirka iyo xusuusta

Taariikhaynta waa lyricism qoto dheer saaxiib Anny Andreevny. Horeba, waxaa jira ee "cad" iyo "fiidkii" la theme jacaylka laba kale oo sabab weyn ee - damiirka iyo xusuusta.

"Daqiiqado khaas ah", taas oo astaan u ah taariikhda qoyska (oo bilaabay in 1914, World koowaad War), beegantay muddo adag ee nolosha ee Abwaan. Waxaa la furay 1915, qaaxada, iyada cudur la iska dhaxlo qoyska.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Dheeraad ah ay wanaajisaa ujeedadii damiirka iyo xusuusta ee "idaha White", ka dib markii taas ay u shaqayso waxaa predominating. style gabay Abwaan sannadaha 1915-1917 waxaa isa soo taraysa. Waxana si dhaleeceeyay ku xusan nooc ka mid ah "pushkinizm" Akhmatova. Its nuxurka waa dhammaystirka farshaxanka, sax ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada. Waxaa sidoo kale xusay joogitaanka "lakabka citationality" iyadoo kuwa badan call kitaabkii duudduubnaa iyo tusaalayaal labada saffarro iyo horreeyay kula: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. All Xoolo ruuxiga ah ee dhaqanka dalkeena waxa uu ahaa ka danbeeya Akhmatova, oo waxay ku habboonayn in dareemay inuu dhaxalka lahaa.

hooyo Subject in shuqullada Akhmatova ayaa, la xiriira Kacaanka

Ma laga yaabaa ma saamayn shaqada oo ka mid ah dhacdooyin aad u waaweyn ee Meyeydaan ee Abwaan. Akhmatova, kuwaas oo nolosha iyo shaqada ku jiray muddo ku adag tahay dalkeena, aqbalay Revolution ee 1917 sanadka sida masiibo. dalka jir ah, iyada oo opinion, mar dambe ma ahaa. hooyo Subject in shuqullada Akhmatova wakiil, tusaale ahaan, in buugga "Anno Domini". Qaybta furmay this soo baxay ee 1922, ururinta waxaa la yiraahdaa "ka dib oo dhan". line epigraphe loo qaaday buugga oo dhan "at kuwa sano heer sare ah ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Homeland mar dambe ma gabayaa waa ...

Si kastaba ha ahaatee Akhmatova kacaanka - sidoo kale waa ay bulshsada ah nolosha ee la soo dhaafay dembiga, ciqaab. Ha halyeeyad u lyrical oo aan laftiisa masiibadana anigaa abuura, iyadu waa uu dareensan yahay in lug qalad guud ee, sidaas Akhmatova diyaar u ah inay la wadaagaan qaybta adag ee dadkooda. Homeland ee shuqullada waajib Akhmatova ee in uu iska furto.

Xitaa horyaalka ee buugga tarjumayaa "In sano ee Rabbiga", waxa sheegay in Abwaan arko sida isagoo da 'doonista Ilaah. Isticmaalka siman taariikhi ah oo yabban Kitaabka Qudduuska ah ayaa noqonaya mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ay u fahmaan tahay ka dhacaya Russia. Waxaa sii kordheysa maciinsan Akhmatova (tusaale ahaan, maansadu "Cleopatra," "Dante", "Aayado Kitaabka Quduuska ah").

The lyrics of this Abwaan weyn, "I" waqti uu noqdo "aan". Akhmatova hadla oo ku hadlaya magaca "badan." saacad kasta, ma ahan oo keliya ee Abwaan, laakiin sidoo kale saffarro ay, waxay xaq ku noqon lahaayow Hadal gabayaana ah.

Kuwanu waa mawduuc ugu weyn ee hal-abuurka Akhmatova, sida weligeed ah, oo ay tahay caadiga ah ee xilligii nolosha Abwaan. Waxaa inta badan marka la barbar dhigo mid kale - la Marina Tsvetaeva. Labaduba waxay maanta ka Buzadag gabayada dhedig. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha oo kaliya waxa ay leedahay wax badan ka wadaagaan, laakiin kala duwan siyaabo badan hal-abuurka Akhmatova iyo Tsvetaeva. qoraal ah oo ku saabsan mowduucan inta badan weydii ardayda in ay qoraan. Dhab ahaantii, waa muhiim in la isla dhexmaro, on sababta ay ficil ahaan wax aan macquul aheyn waa in la isku qaldo gabay qoraal ah by Akhmatova, shuqulladoodii abuuray by Tsvetaeva. Laakiin waa mawduuc kale ...