Allen Ginsberg: Biography A, ka shaqeeya, dib u eegista

Allen Ginsberg ahaa caan ah dhaqanka Maraykanka ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa qorayaasha ugu ixtiraamo oo ka mid ah Beat iyo Abwaan si fiican u yaqaan ee jiilkiisa waa.

Allen Ginsberg: Biography A

Wuxuu ku dhashay 1926 in Newark (NJ) ee qoyska ka mid ah soo galootiga ah oo Yuhuudi ah. Kor buu u koray dhow Paterson. Aabbaha Louis Ginsberg baray Ingiriisi iyo hooyadeed Nimco ahaa schoolteacher ah iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe ee xisbiga shuuciga ee USA. Allen Ginsberg in uu dhalinyarada qiray dhibaatooyinka iyada nafsi ah, in H. Vol. Tirada jaba dareemayaasha ku salaysan cabsi cadaadis hawlaha bulshada ay.

Bilow qayb ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa

Allen Ginsberg iyo Lyusen Karr kulmay 1943 halka waxbarashada Jaamacadda Columbia. Last dhimay ardayda sanadka ugu horeeya la William Burroughs iyo Jack Kerouac. Later, saaxiibo isu la aasaasay sida tirooyinka muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Beat ah. Caan ku aragtidooda caadi ahayn iyo dhaqanka xanaaq, Allen iyo saaxiibbadiis ayaa sidoo kale tijaabiyay daawooyin.

Ginsberg mar isticmaalay qolka Qol college in uu kaydiyo alaab la soo xaday iibsaday isbarteen. Wajahay xeer, ayuu wuxuu goostay inuu been abuur ka waalli, ka dibna qaatay dhowr bilood isbitaalka dhimirka.

Ka dib markii qalin-jabinta, Allen hadhay ee New York oo uu ku sameeyo shaqooyin kala duwan. In 1954, si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu u wareegay San Francisco, halkaas oo yara-dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa wakiil ka ah gabayayaashiinnu Kenneth Rexroth iyo Lawrence Ferlinghetti.

Qayli ka dhanka ilbaxnimada

Allen Ginsberg ugu horeysay si cad ugu soo galay 1956, ka dib markii la daabaco buugga "Howl iyo gabayo kale." Tani gabay in xeerkii Walt Whitman waa qaylo cadhada iyo rajo jiheeyo bulshada burbur iyo ka baxsan. Kevin O'Sullivan yeedhay Newsmakers shaqeeya cadhooday, lyrics galmada toos ah iyo ku daray in, in fikrad ah ee badan, waa dhacdo kacaan in gabayada American. Sam Allen Ginsberg "Howl" waxaa lagu qeexaa sida "Yuhuuda-melvillianskoe neefta Bard."

Fresh, gabay af daacad yaabay dhaleecayn badan oo dhaqameed. Dzheyms Diki, tusaale ahaan, ku tilmaamay "Howl" sida "gobolka ay jilcaan ah farax" oo soo gabagabeeyey in "kuma filna in aan gabayada qoro." dhaleecayn kale ayaa jawaabay oo dheeraad ah si togan. Richard Eberhart, sida wax soo saarka loo yaqaan "qaab xoog, erupting in dareen firfircoon ... Waa qaylo ka hor wax walba in our ilbaxnimada mechanistic dila ruuxa ... xooggiisa wanaagsan iyo tamarta xoogga madax furashada ah ee jacaylka iman." Pol Kerroll gabay loo yaqaan "mid ka mid ah jiilka Dhacdooyin." Qiimaynta saamaynta "Dabayl", Pol Tsveyg xusay in qoraaga "ku dhowaad hal-fadeexadi bedelay gabayada traditionalist ee 1950."

habka

Intaa waxaa dheer in ay dhaleecayn naxay, "Howl" yaabay Waaxda booliska San Francisco. Sababo la buugga gabay luqada galmada graphic dhawaaqay fisqi, iyo publisher Abwaan Ferlinghetti la xiray. dacwad ku xiga soo jiitay ee dalka iyo tirooyin suugaanta caan ah: ". Howl" Mark Shorer, Kennet Reksrot iyo Walter Van Tilberg Clark ayaa difaacay Shorer u marag furay in "Ginsberg isticmaalaa yeerista iyo garaaca hadalka caadiga ah. Gabay waxaa lagu qasbay in ay isticmaalaan afka vulgarity. " Clark loo yaqaan "Howl" shaqo aad u daacad ah Abwaan, oo sidoo kale waa qof aad u karti. Goobjoogayaal ugu dambeyntii ku qanciyey Judge Clayton Horn go'aan in sheyga ma aha fisqi.

Sayidka, Allen Ginsberg, kuwaas oo dib u eegista tayo gabay lagu jiro maxkamadda waa baahsan, wuxuu ahaa qoraaga bayaankan dhaqdhaqaaqa Beat suugaanta ah. Novelists sida Jack Kerouac iyo Uilyam Berrouz iyo Abwaan Gregory Corso, Maykl Makklyur, Geri Snayder iyo Ginsberg on mawduucyada hore laga hadlin oo qoraal aan suugaanta afka jidka. Fikradaha iyo farshaxanka qayb-socodka ahayd saamayn weyn ku dhaqanka oo caan ah oo dalka Mareykanka ah ee 1950-1960 ee.

Salaadda for dhintay

In 1961, Ginsberg daabacay "Kaddish iyo gabayo kale." Gabay ahaa midka ah ee style iyo foomka si "Howl" iyo, ku salaysan salaadda dhaqanka aaska Yuhuudda, noo sheegaya saabsan nolosha hooyadiis. dareenka Complex in Abwaan lahaa waxay rinji halganka iyada oo qaba cudurka maskaxda, waxay diiradda saarayaan shaqada this. Waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah curiyay ugu fiican ee Allen Thomas Merrill yeerayey "Ginsberg ee ay saafi ah, iyo laga yaabee muujinta ugu fiican", iyo Louis Simpson - "masterpiece ah."

Tani waa!

Allen Ginsberg, shuqulladiisa oo ayaa si xoogan u saameeyay William Carlos Williams, yeeri uu kala soocista dugsiga sida "hick dhab sirgaxan ka New Jersey," laakiin ka dib markii la hadlaya isaga, "Waxaan si kedis ah ogaaday in Abwaan dhegaystay dareen" qaawan "dhegaha." Sound, codka saafi ah iyo laxanka, sidaas waxa sheegay isaga ku saabsan, oo wuxuu isku dayay inuu la qabsado garaaca ay ku ladhan ee la sheekaysanayo dhabta ah kuwaas oo halkii maqlay badan metronome ama luuq ee suugaanta shinka.

Sida laga soo xigtay Abwaan, ka dib markii waxyi lama filaan ah, uu si deg deg ah u dhaqmeen. Allen Ginsberg soo xigtay tiraab gaarka ah ee foomka of Goosimo yar oo 4 ama 5 khadadka in si sax ah u dhigma qof kale hadal-fikirka lixdii bilood sida saxda ah sida ay u loo kala qeybin waa haddii loo baahdo si ay u yidhaahdaa, Ninkanu, ka dibna iyaga u soo diray Williams neefsashada . Wuxuu U dhawaaday inuu si deg deg ah isaga soo diray warqad leh, "Tani waa! Waxaad weli u leedahay? "

Kerouac iyo kuwa kale

saamayn kale oo weyn oo ku saabsan Ginsberg lahaa saaxiibkiis Kerouac qoray sheeko ee style ah "tiraab lama filaan ah", oo Allen xaashaa qabsan si aad shaqo u gaar ah. Kerouac qoray qaar ka mid ah buugaagta, qoraalka teebka ku amraya oo duudduuban of warqad cad iyo daabacaadda joogto ah ee "durdur miyir". Allen Ginsberg bilaabay in aan gabayada qoro ma aha, sida uu sheegay in, "shaqeeya iyaga on, Goosimo yar iyo xubnihii ka muddooyinka kala duwan, laakiin hayo fikirka ah in madaxayga, oo waxaa lagu qoro meel, oo halkaasuu iyagii ku dhameysteen."

Williams iyo qoraa Kerouac carabka ku dareenka iyo hab dabiici ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada sida marka la barbar dhigo qaab dhismeedka suugaanta dhaqanka. Ginsberg gudbiyo oo laysku taariikhiga ah ee fikrad this in shuqullada Abwaan Walt Whitman, ayaadse Herman Melville iyo qorayaasha Genri Devida Thoreau iyo Ralph Waldo Emerson.

siyaasi Libertarian

theme ugu weyn ee nolosha iyo hal-abuur ee Ginsberg ahayd in siyaasadda. Kennet Reksrot yeedhay wajigan ah Allen ee "muuqashadii ku dhawaad qumman yahay dhaqanka Whitman ayaa muddo dheer idink bulshada kacaan in gabayada American." In qaar ka mid ah gabayo Ginsberg sheegaye halganka ururka shaqaalaha ee 1930, tirooyinka xagjirka ah oo caan ah, ugaarsi ugu Red McCarthy iyo Dhacdooyinka kale ee dhaqdhaqaaqa bidix. In Wichita Sutra Uubo uu isku dayayo in uu soo afjaro dagaalka ee Vietnam by nooc ka mid ah kooxaha sixir. In "ODE Plutonovoy" tijaabiyey soo dhaweynta la mid ah - neefta sixir Abwaan ka saaraan tamarta la eb ka tayada ay khatar. Gabayo kale sida "Howl", inkasta oo aan ahayn siyaasadeed ee qof, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ay dhaleecayn badan, oo ka kooban a dhaleeceyn bulshada xoog leh.

Awoodda mid ah midabo

hawlo siyaasadeed Ginsberg ayaa si xoog leh ka muujiyay libertarian, tusayaan inuu door bidayso gabay ah ee ra'yi shakhsi ah in qaab dhaqanka. In bartamihii 1960-, waxaa si dhow la xiriira ka counterculture iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa antiwar. Wuxuu u abuuray Eebe iyo difaacay istiraatiijiyad ah "awood ubax", markay dibad antiwar ku dooday in qiimaha wanaagsan, sida nabadda iyo waxay jecel yihiin inay dramatize ay mucaaradka u dhimasho iyo burbur ay sababeen dagaalka ee Vietnam.

Isticmaalka midabada, dawanno, dhoolo iyo mantras (songs xurmada) markii qaar ka mid ah ayaa noqday ka mid ah dibad ka mid caadi ah. In 1967, Ginsberg ahaa qabanqaabiyaha ah "Gathering qabiilooyinka reer jiritaanka aadanaha ee" - dhacdo in waxaa fuliyey on nooc ka mid ah iid diimeed ee Hindu. Waxay ahayd counter-dhaqanka xafladda ugu horeeyay, taas oo uu noqday waxyoonay in kumanaan ka mid ah kuwa kale. In 1969, markii qaar ka mid ah dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa antiwar martigeliso ah "saarista ee Pentagon," Ginsberg qoray dheg u ah. Waxa uu sidoo kale ahaa markhaati u ah difaaca jirrabaadda, "Chicago Toddoba", taas oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa anti-dagaal ayaa lagu soo oogay "shirqool gudbaya khadadka gobolka qabanqaabada rabshadaha."

dibad

Mararka qaarkood hawlaha siyaasadeed Ginsberg sababa dareen-ka hay'adaha fulinta sharciga. Waxaa lagu xidhay dibad anti-dagaal ee New York ee 1967 iyo kala firdhiyey la gaaska dadka kaga ilmeeysiiya at Convention Qaranka Democratic ee Chicago ee 1968. In 1972 wuxuu ahaa xabsi ka qayb mudaharaadyo ka dhan ah markaas-Madaxweyne Richarda Niksona at Convention Qaranka Jamhuuriga ee Miami. In 1978, isaga iyo saaxiibkiis muddo dheer Peter Orlovsky la xiray for xanibeen jid tareen si ay u joojiyaan tareenka la hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka ka geedka "Rocky isduldulsaaran" saara socda plutonium hub-fasalka ee Colorado.

King May

hawlo siyaasadeed Ginsberg ee isaga siiyey dhibaato dalalka kale. In 1965 wuxuu booqday Cuba sida wariye ah oo Review Evergreen. Ka dib markii uu ka cawday daaweynta naageysta ee Jaamacadda Havana, xukuumadda in ay Ginsberg jeestay la weydiisto inuu ka tago dalka. isla sannaddaas, Abwaan safray Czechoslovakia, halkaas oo uu la soo doortay "King of May" by kun oo muwaadiniinta Czech. Maalintii xigtay, dowladda Czech isaga codsaday inuu ka tago maxaa yeelay, wuxuu ahaa "isku dhex daadsan oo dhacay." Ginsberg qudhiisu sharxay uu eryidda by xaqiiqada ah in booliska Czech qarsoon qasnaa la ansixiyo guud, "ayuu American Abwaan cirfiid screwy la laalo".

dhuur

dhibaato kale, taasoo ku muuqata in gabayada Ginsberg ee, wuxuu ahaa culeeska la saaray ruuxiga ah iyo asalka ah. Xiisaha uu arimahan sii shiday by taxane ah oo waxyaalihii lay tusay, kaas oo uu booqday in gabayada ee William Blake akhriska. Allen Ginsberg xusuustay "cod sepulchral aad u qoto dheer qolka," ayuu si dhakhso ah, iyada oo aan fikirka, codkii Blake qaaday. Wuxuu intaa ku daray in "sida dhawaaq gaar ahaa wax aan la ilaawi karin, maxaa yeelay waxa ay u muuqatay sida haddii Ilaah aadanaha cod oo dhan danqasho ee aan la koobi karayn iyo raggu oo culayskii dhimanaya wax abuura ee ku nool, oo toobad keen wiilkiisii." riyooyinka noocan oo kale ah ka toosay xiisaha mysticism, taasoo keentay Abwaan si tijaabo ku meel gaadh ah daawooyin kala duwan. Mar dambe waxaa la sheegtay Allen Ginsberg, "Howl" ayuu sarkhaansan peyote qoray, "Kaddish" - mahad amphetamines iyo "Wales - booqo" - iyadoo la kaashanayo LSD.

Ka dib markii u safraya Hindiya sanadkii 1962, xilligaas oo uu kula kulmay meditation iyo yoga, Ginsberg bedelay habdhaqankiisa inay daroogo. Wuxuu ahaa qanacsanahay in fikirka iyo yoga aad u fiican kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga xaaladda waa, laakiin rumeysan hallucinogens waxtar u leh gabayada qorayey. Psychedelics, ayuu yiri, waa kala duwanaansho ah yoga iyo hab cilmi miyir.

Beddelidda, si ay Budhiism

Daraasad Ginsberg diimaha bariga bilaabay ka dib markii furitaanka mantras, aflagaado ay jiibta isticmaalaa in ku dhaqanka ruuxiga ah. Ay isticmaalka laxanka, neefsashada iyo dhawaaqa aasaasiga ah loogu ekeysiiyey in nooc ka mid ah gabayada. In qaar ka mid ah gabayo uu ka mid ahaa qoraalka ah ee ku dheg ah, jeestay shaqada soo galay nooc ka mid ah salaadda. akhrinta Poetry, oo marar badan wuxuu ku bilaabmaa celcelin ah mantras, si ay u abuuraan niyadda saxda ah. Xiisaha uu diimaha Eastern ugu danbeyn waxay isagii hor geeyeen wadaad Chogyam Trungpa, Abbot a Buddhist ka Tibet, taas oo saamayn xoog leh ku hal-abuurka ee Ginsberg. In 1970, Abwaan qaatay casharo machadka Trungpa ee Colorado, iyo sidoo kale baratay gabayada. In 1972, Allen Ginsberg siiyey Bodhisattva ku nidarradeedii oo si rasmi ah u ansixiyay Budhiism.

Qaybta ugu weyn ee tababarka Trungpa waa nooc ka mid ah fikirka, loo yaqaan shamatha, kaas oo xoogga saaraan neefsashadaada u gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay Ginsberg, waxay u horseeddaa dejiya maskaxda, wax soo saarka si farsamaysan ee imagination iyo fikirka-foomamka; Tani waxay keenaysaa in sii daridda ah ee ay wacyiga iyo aqoonsi. Buuga "neefso sababta", u huray in Trungpa, waxaa ku qoran dhowr gabayo iyadoo la kaashanayo meditation shamatha qoran.

From calal ay hodantinimada

In 1974, Allen Ginsberg iyo saaxiibkii, Enn Valdman asaasay dugsiga poetics jidkhka Jack Kerouac sida laan oo ka mid ah Institute of Naropa. Sida laga soo xigtay Abwaan, fikrad kama dambaysta ahaa in la dhiso a college farshaxanka joogtada ah ee dhaqan Tibetan ka, halkaas oo ay jiraan macalimiinta iyo ardayda ku wada nool yihiin dhismaha la mid ah, kaas oo shaqayn doona boqolaal sannadood. Waayo, barista iyo wada hadalka dugsiga Ginsberg ayaa soo jiitay qorayaasha caanka ah sida Diane di Prima, Ron Padgett iyo Uilyam Berrouz. Xiriir uu gabay oo dulsaar ah ee ruuxiga ah, Ginsberg ayaa mar sheegay in dheer ee gabayada waa nooc ka mid ah is-aqoon is-hagaajinta, xoreeyay miyir laftiisa, oo aadan. Waa nooc ka mid ah furitaanka uu dabeecadda u gaar ah iyo aqoonsiga, ama ego, iyo sidoo kale fahamka waxa ka qayb naftaada soo baxay waxaa ka mid ah.

Ginsberg soo maray u dhigma ah suugaanta oo ah waxa loo yaqaan "ka calal ay hodantinimada" - ". Karnoo suugaanta American" ka soo kacay shuqulkii hore "wasakh ah", oo laga cabsado oo dhaleeceeyay loogu daro uu soo daahay ee Wuxuu ka mid ahaa gabayaaga ugu saameynta badan ee jiilkiisa oo ahayd, sida uu James Mersmana, "tiradaasi weyn ee taariikhda gabayada."

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay

filim Documentary Dzherri Aronsona "Life iyo Times of Allen Ginsberg" ayaa la sii daayay sanadkii 1994. Isla sanadkaas, Jaamacadda Stanford bixisay Abwaan a million dollars oo uu archive shakhsiyeed. gabayo New iyo ururinta xagga shuqullada hore Ginsberg sii waday in ay si joogto ah loo daabacay. Oo wuxuu warqado uu, wargeysyada iyo xataa photos of the Beat-asxaabteena ayaa loo ogol yahay deymo cusub ee nolosha iyo shaqada Abwaan.

In guga ee 1997 ee bukaanka ka cabanaya mellitus diabetes iyo hepatitis chronic Ginsberg cudurka kansarka beerka. Ka dib markii barashada cudurkan, uu si dhaqso ah ku qoray 12 gabayo gaagaaban. Maalintii xigtay, Abwaan xanuun wadnaha ah iyo kooma dhacay. laba maalmood ka dib uu ku dhintay. The "New York Times" ayuu yiri nabad gelyo isaga u Uilyam Berrouz, oo isaga loo yaqaan "nin weyn saamaynta dunida ah."

Allen Ginsberg: Book

Aayadaha dhawr sano ee la soo dhaafay, nolosha gabayaa ee la soo ururiyay ee buugga "Dhimashada iyo ka Nasahanyahay:. Gabayo, 1993-1997" mugga Tan waxaa ku jira shuqullo abuuray isla markiiba ka dib Allen bartay uu cudur. Browser Publishers Weekly tilmaamay ururinta sida "dulucdii kaamil ah nolol sharaf leh." Ray Olson iyo Dzhek Helberg, qoraal in Booklist, laga helay gabayo Ginsberg ee "safeeyey, haddii aan yeelsiisay," iyo Rochelle Ratner in qiimaynta Library Journal Hagidda in "caddaymo aad u badan oo ah danqasho iyo daryeelka."

Daabacaadan kale posthumous of Ginsberg - "tiraab ula kaca ah: maqaalo la xushay, 1952-1995" - waa in ka badan 150 maqaalo ku saabsan mowduuca ee hubka nuclear, dagaalka Fiyetnaam, faafreeb, gabayaaga sida Walt Whitman oo garaaceen Gregory Corso, iyo kuwa kale ee dhaqanka nuurar, oo ay ku jiraan John Lennon iyo sawir qaade Robert Frank. Naqdiya Publishers Weekly amaanay buugga sida "mararka qaarkood macaan, mararka qaar si taxadar la'aan," oo intaa ku daray in ay tahay "xaqiiqdii la tiro balaadhan oo ah taageerayaasha Abwaan resonate doonaa." Booklist helay maqaalo Ginsberg "dheeraad ah oo la heli karo ka badan inta badan gabayada uu."

muraayad A ee xiligeedu

Sida Ginsberg jeclaan lahaa in aan xusuusto? Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, sida qof xeerkii jir American ah shaqsiyaddeenna dhaafsiisantahay, dugsiga jir Gnostic Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, iyaga ayaa lahaa qarnigii XX ah. Ginsberg mar sharaxay in dhammaan jilicsanaanta aadanaha uu yahay ugu dulqaad cadho, saaxiibbadiis uu ugu mahad u dejinta iyo danqasho galmada; uu shaqo fiican ahaa "dhigoodu of dareen in shirkadda." "Waxaa Like ama ma, ninna ma turjumayo intii uu Mr. Ginsberg", - gabagabeeyay Dulmar Economist ah. "Waxa uu ahaa biriijka u dhexeeya wax-uqabso suugaanta iyo dhaqanka pop."